#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#ifndef STRNGBAD_H_
#define STRNGBAD_H_
class StringBad
{
private:
    char * str;             // pointer to string
    int len;                // length of string
    static int num_strings; // number of objects
public:
    StringBad(const char * s); // constructor
    StringBad();               // default constructor
    ~StringBad();              // destructor
// friend function
    friend ostream & operator<<(ostream & os, const StringBad & st);
};
#endif

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>                 // string.h for some
#include "strngbad.h"
using namespace std;

// initializing static class member
int StringBad::num_strings = 0;

// class methods
StringBad::StringBad(const char * s)     // construct StringBad from C string
{
    len = strlen(s);               // set size
    str = new char[len + 1];       // allot storage
    strcpy(str, s);                // initialize pointer
    num_strings++;                 // set object count
    cout << num_strings << ": \"" << str
         << "\" object created\n"; // For Your Information
}

StringBad::StringBad()                   // default constructor
{
    len = 4;
    str = new char[4];
    strcpy(str, "C++");            // default string
    num_strings++;
    cout << num_strings << ": \"" << str
         << "\" default object created\n";  // FYI
}

StringBad::~StringBad()                     // necessary destructor
{
    cout << "\"" << str << "\" object deleted, ";    // FYI
    --num_strings;                    // required
    cout << num_strings << " left\n"; // FYI
    delete [] str;                    // required
}

ostream & operator<<(ostream & os, const StringBad & st)
{
    os << st.str;
    return os; 
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include "strngbad.h"

void callme1(StringBad &);  // pass by reference
void callme2(StringBad);    // pass by value

int main()
{
    StringBad headline1("Celery Stalks at Midnight");
    StringBad headline2("Lettuce Prey");
    StringBad sports("Spinach Leaves Bowl for Dollars");
    cout << "headline1: " << headline1 << endl;
    cout << "headline2: " << headline2 << endl;
    cout << "sports: " << sports << endl;
    callme1(headline1);
    cout << "headline1: " << headline1 << endl;
    callme2(headline2);
    cout << "headline2: " << headline2 << endl;
    cout << "Initialize one object to another:\n";
    StringBad sailor = sports;
    cout << "sailor: " << sailor << endl;
    cout << "Assign one object to another:\n";
    StringBad knot;
    knot = headline1;
    cout << "knot: " << knot << endl;  
    cout << "End of main()\n";
    
    return 0;
}

void callme1(StringBad & rsb)
{
    cout << "String passed by reference:\n";
    cout << "    \"" << rsb << "\"\n";
}

void callme2(StringBad sb)
{
    cout << "String passed by value:\n";
    cout << "    \"" << sb << "\"\n";
}

1: "Celery Stalks at Midnight" object created
2: "Lettuce Prey" object created
3: "Spinach Leaves Bowl for Dollars" object created
headline1: Celery Stalks at Midnight
headline2: Lettuce Prey
sports: Spinach Leaves Bowl for Dollars
String passed by reference:
    "Celery Stalks at Midnight"
headline1: Celery Stalks at Midnight
String passed by value:
    "Lettuce Prey"
"Lettuce Prey" object deleted, 2 left
headline2:
Initialize one object to another:
sailor: Spinach Leaves Bowl for Dollars
Assign one object to another:
3: "C++" default object created
knot: Celery Stalks at Midnight
End of main()
"Celery Stalks at Midnight" object deleted, 2 left
"Spinach Leaves Bowl for Dollars" object deleted, 1 left
"╪>=" object deleted, 0 left
"" object deleted, -1 left
"" object deleted, -2 left

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